二 preface The progress, innovation and inventions oftoday's technological age continually render our state- of-the artcommunications obsolete overnight. The fountain pen has,however, remained thequality writing instrument. With its many styles, colours and materials thefountain pen has always fascinated and inspired the pen lover. Vintage modelsare sought by collectors and investors world-wide. New models and limited editions,marketed regularly by pen manufacturers, are added to their collections. The wholesubject of fountain pens, their history and development, is an absorbingsubject to this rapidly growing international fraternity of collectors andinvestors.There was a need for a reference book on fountain pens whichdocumented this history and in 1989 Fountain Pens Vintage and Modern waspublished. This was so well received throughout the world that it encouragedthe author, Andreas Lambrou, to embark on an improved and more substantialreference work.Today, the pen lover requires a reference book with advancedtechnical information, the highest quality photo plates and new unpublishedinformation on both the fountain pen and its development.It has taken overthree years to produce Fountain Perns of The World. In the desire to produce amore complete and interesting book, the information in Fountain Pens Vintageand Modern has been updated and additional pen manufacturers and countries havebeen incorporated. For the first time in a book on fountain pens, a section on materialsand processes is included.Both rare and previously unpublished pens have beenmade available for this work from private collections and company museums fromaround the world. The highest quality colour photographs have been usedthroughout and new inovative line drawings have been commissioned to presentthe models in an exciting manner.Andreas Lambrou has used research, knowledgeand a passion for detail to deliver the most comprehensive reference book onfountain pens. It will be the source book for all collectors and penlovers.This book has only been made possible with the help, co-operation andassistance given to the author by pen lovers and manufacturers world- wide.Thank you all. Keith G. Brown 前言 当今技术时代的进步,创新和发明不断使我们最先进的通信在一夜之间过时。但是,钢笔仍然是优质的书写工具。钢笔以其多种样式,颜色和材料让人着迷,并激发了钢笔爱好者的灵感。世界各地的收藏家和投资者都在寻找古董笔,而笔制造商定期销售的新型号和限量版已添加到他们的收藏中。近年来迅速增长的收藏家和投资者开始对钢笔的历史和发展感兴趣,迫切需要一本关于钢笔的参考书,以记录这一历史。1989年《 Vintage Pens Vintage and Modern》的出版,在世界范围内广受好评,这鼓励了作者Andreas Lambrou着手编写更充实的参考书。如今,钢笔爱好者需要一本包含先进的技术信息,最高质量的照相板和未出版的有关钢笔及其发展的信息的参考书。Fountain Perns of The World已经花费了三年多的时间。为了制作一本更完整,更有趣的书,我们更新了钢笔的年份和现代信息,并加入了更多的钢笔制造商和国家。这是有关钢笔的书中的第一次包括了相关材料和工艺部分。世界各地的私人收藏和公司博物馆都为这项工作提供了罕见的和以前未发表的钢笔。本书始终使用最高质量的彩色照片,并使用新颖的创新线条图以令人兴奋的方式展示模型。安德烈亚斯·兰布鲁(Andreas Lambrou)用自己的研究结果,钢笔的知识和对细节的热情提供了最全面的钢笔参考书。它将成为所有收藏家和钢笔爱好者的资料来源。这本书是在全世界的钢笔爱好者和制造商的帮助与支持下才得以出版,谢谢大家。 基思·布朗
四 united States of America BRIEF HISTORY AND MINOR M ANUFACTURERS The fountain pen is one of our mostpersonal possessions. The tastes and needs ofindividual users difer in the verywidest degree, and the vast modern range of quality instruments could satisfyeven the most discriminating user. It is hard to imagine that just over acentury ago the fountain pen was a rarity and a reliable model almost unknown.Lewis Edson Waterman, who initiated development in New Y ork in 1883, is now regardedas the father of the first practical fountain pen. Within a few years of his inventionNew Y ork became the centre of activity for entrepreneurs and investors as thefountain pen was seen increasingly to be a dependable writing instrument and anindispensable accessory.Although the number of pen manufacturers was farly small,several hundred other enterprises sprang up. These purchased components frompen jobbers and assembled them into pens, usually in rented workshops. Whilethere were too many such companies to cover them all here, the following areworth a mention: MACKINNON PEN Co, NEw YORK: in 1875 offered a pen with acircle of iridium on the nib and claimed this to be the commercial pen of theage.WARREN N. LANCASTER FoUNTAIN PEN, BALTIMORE, MD: established in 1879 and patentedthe original self- flling pen in 1903. By 1917 the company marketed a range of automatic(self- flling) and safety pens. JOHN HoLLAND GoLD PEN COMPANY, CINCINNATI, OH: produced pens in the1880s and in 1894 claimed so pages of foolscap per flling could be written withits pen, which was fitted with a gold nib and was offered at $2.40.CAw'sFOUNTAIN INK COMPANY: in 1885 produced a wide range of writing inks and stylographicpens which were among the first imports into Japan.PAUL E. WIRT, BLOOMSBURG,PA: In 1890 offered what it claimed to be a perfect reservoir pen and themarket leader. It offered so different styles and sold two million pens.EAGLEPENCIL Co., NEw YORK: in 1891 offered the Eagle Fountain Pen. The barrelcontained a glass vial which held the ink.RUYTER MANUFACTURING Co., CHICAGO: in1899 offered the Ruyter Fountain Pen at $2. so and was willing to offer theseto its customers on a week's free trial before they actually paid for the pen. J. ULLRICH & Co, NEw YORK: establishedin 1884, by 1920 it offered the Independent, Juco and Vulcan stylographicpens, as well as lever self- filing and safety pens such as the Independent andElk. LINCOLN FOUNTAIN PEN Co., NEw YoRK: In 1896ofered the Lincoln Fountain Pen with solid gold nib and hard rubber engravedbody for $1.00. By 1898 it was pro-ducing all pen parts and two years later itwas bought by the Frazer and Geyer Co.During the period until 1920 four manufacturersspearheaded the field. Thesewere L. E. Waterman, Parker, Sheaffer and WahlEversharp. After the First World War, life gradually returned to normal. Aspost-war American industry boomed, most fountain pen manufacturers introducedquality products, using more attractive materials. One such example is theWaterman Ripple design. Parker marketed the red hardrubber Duofolds. Sheaffer introduced the Lifetime guarantee and began experimentswith plastic material for pen caps and barrels. By 1924 'plastic' pens were introducedon the market and were soon available in a wide range of attractive colours. Manyother companies, large and small, attempted to establish new names in the fieldof quality pens, the majority of which were promoted on the strength of some novelfeature or improvement. Companies such as Chilton, John Hancock, LeBoeuf,Security, etc., featured unusual flling mechanisms or some other unique
5 A. A. WATERMAN The company was founded in 1897 in New YorkCity. In an attempt to eliminate the seepage of ink at the section and barreljoint, so common in eye-dropper pens of that period, the company came out withthe Middle Joint Eyedropper Pen'. In addition to lengthening the section, sothat it connected with the barrel above the gripping area, the sealing joint,the threaded joint and the contact surfaces of the section and barrel were allseparated. In 1903 A. A. Waterman introduced one ofthe earliest self-fillers called the 'Automatic Self-Filling Pen' which used asac- twist design. Four years later Arthur A.Waterman was forced out of thecompany by two of his investors, who continued production using the A. A.Waterman name on a wide range of hard rubber pens as well as precious metaloverlays. In 1912 A. A. Waterman & Co. wassuccessfully sued by the L. E. Waterman Company 'for using devious tactics' tocreate the impression that it was in some way associated with the better-knownL. E. Waterman firm. Thereafter all its pens had to be labelled:‘Arthur A.Waterman & Co, New York Not connected with the L. E.Waterman Co.'Thecompany was unable to turn the L. E. Waterman court order into a 'marketingopportunity' and by 1920 A. A. Waterman pens were no longer being produced.Today, collectors value the beauty of these interesting and attractive ornamental metal pens. A. A. WATERMAN A. A. WATERMAN公司于1897年成立于纽约。为了消除在当时的滴入式笔中常见的笔握总成与笔杆接头处的墨水渗漏,该公司推出了“中节滴管笔”。除了加长笔握总成,使其与笔杆在笔握上方连接外,密封接头,螺纹接头以及该部分与笔杆的接触面都被分开。 1903年,威迪文(A. A. Waterman)提出了一种最早的上墨器,称为“自动填充笔”,它采用了一种螺旋式设计。四年后,亚瑟·沃特曼(Arthur A.Waterman)被他的两名投资者赶出了公司,他们继续使用A.A. Waterman的名字生产各种硬质橡胶笔和包金等贵金属覆盖笔 1912年, A.A. Waterman&Co.被L. E. Waterman公司成功起诉,“因为它使用了不正当的手段”,给人留下了这样的印象:它在某种程度上与L.E.Waterman公司有关联。此后,该公司所有的钢笔都必须贴上标签:“Arthur A.Waterman&Co,New York Not connected to the L.E.Waterman Co.”(A.A. Waterman&Co.与L. E. Waterman无关)。 该公司无法将LE Waterman法院责令转变为“营销机会”,到1920年AA Waterman钢笔停产。如今,收藏家们珍视这些有趣而迷人的艺术品装饰性金属笔。
六 EDWARD TODD , Edward Todd & Co., New York, made goldnibs for dip pens for almost so years before beginning manufacture of fountainpens in the 18gos. The company was known for its high quality gold and silverpens, some made exclusively for Tiffany & Co.. until .the late 1930s.Edward Todd pens are good examples of a precious metal manufacturing jewellertranslating his art to fountain pens. Those with intricate high relief patternsmatch the beauty of the best pens made by any other manufacturer of thatperiod. EDWARD TODD 纽约爱德华·托德公司(Edward Todd&Co.)在1890年代开始生产墨水笔之前,已经生产了将近五十年的的时间的黄金蘸水笔。该公司以其高品质的金银笔而闻名,有些是专门为蒂芙尼(Tiffany&Co.)制造的。直到1930年代末,爱德华·托德(Edward Todd)笔是贵金属制造珠宝商将他的艺术作品转换成钢笔的典范。那些有着复杂的高浮雕图案的钢笔能与那个时期任何其他制造商生产的最好的钢笔的相媲美。
七 AIKIN LAMBERT Aikin Lambert Co. was a general jewellerymanufacturer which began operation in 1864.The firm made findings and jewellerycomponents for other firms and in the 1890s introduced fountain pens to itsproduct range. Aikin Lambert produced a great variety of high quality gold andsilver overlay pens, the range comprising eye- dropper, safety, lever andthumb-filler models. The nibs were engraved either Aikin Lambert or ALCo. The companyalso made, until 1921, pencils for L. E. Waterman and it is thought that italso made some fountain pen cases for this firm. During the Depression it produced a line ofplastic pens such as the Mercantile and Capitole. Following a merger in 1932,Aikin Lambert Co. was absorbed by L. E. Waterman. During the last few yearsAikin Lambert overlays have gained in popularity among collectors because oftheir quality and favourable cost compared with their L. E.Watermancontemporaries. AIKIN LAMBERT 艾金·兰伯特公司是一家普通珠宝制造商,于1864年开始运营。该公司为其他公司findings和珠宝配件,并于1890年代将钢笔引入其产品范围。艾金兰伯特生产了各种高品质的包金包银笔,范围包括滴入式,安全笔,侧拉杆和按钮等型号。笔尖刻有Aikin Lambert或ALCo直到1921年,该公司还为L.E.Waterman公司生产铅笔,据称它还为L.E.Waterman生产了一些钢笔盒。 在大萧条时期,艾金·兰伯特生产了一系列的塑料笔,如商业笔和小头笔(Mercantileand Capitole)。1932年,艾金·兰伯特公司被L.E.waterman收购。在最后的几年里,艾金·兰伯特(Aikin Lambert)包金银工艺由于其质量和成本较之同时代的L.E.沃特曼(L.E.Waterman)包金银工艺更为低廉而受到收藏家的欢迎。
八 LE BoEUF The Le Boeuf Fountain Pen Company wasfounded in Springfield, Massachusetts,about 100 miles from Carter's Ink Companyand the Triad Manufacturing Company.In 1918 Frank Le Boeuf patented amanufacturing process through which caps and barrels were produced ftomcelluloid tubing rather than solid rod. This process enabled the company tomake use of a variety of plastics in beautiful iridescent colours available nowhereelse. Le Boeuf pens were proclaimed unbreakable because the barrel was lined withmetal. Later improvements included a novel lever- filler design which allowedthe sac to take in more ink. In 1930 a new thumb-filler model featured evengreater inkstorage capacity. The company regrettably faced continuedfinancial difficulties and in the late 1920s began to sell stock in an attemptto get out of debt. Even though almost one million dollars worth of stock hadbeen sold to investors by 1930, losses continued. To make matters worse, anattorney who was a minor stockholder was able to manipulate corporation rulesin order to loot the ailing company. Le Boeuf was finally forced into bankruptcyat the end of 1933. For the next 40 years, the Le Boeuf Fountain Pen Co.namecontinued to be used in a succession of businesses, the era ending when the Le BoeufShaver Centre closed in 1973. Le Boeuf 勒博夫钢笔公司成立于马萨诸塞州的斯普林菲尔德,距离卡特(Carter)墨水公司和三合会(Triad)制造公司大约100英里。1918年,Frank Le Boeuf申请了一项杆帽由赛璐珞管代替实心杆的制造专利。这使该公司能够使用其他地方无法获得的美丽的彩虹色塑料。Le Boeuf笔被认为是坚不可摧的,因为笔帽筒衬有金属。后来的改进包括新颖的侧拉杆填充设计,使墨囊可以吸收更多的墨水。 1930年,新的按钮填充型号具有更大的墨水存储容量。 该公司面临已经卖给持续的财务困难,并在1920年代后期开始出售股票以摆脱债务。尽管到1930年,已经抛售了价值近100万美元的股票,但亏损仍在继续。更糟糕的是,一个小股东的律师操纵公司规则来抢劫这家陷入困境的公司。1933年底,勒博夫最终被迫宣布破产。在接下来的40年里, Le Boeuf钢笔公司的名称被继续用于一系列业务中,直到1973年Le Boeuf 理发中心关闭时,Le Boeuf时代宣布结束。
九 TRIAD The dramatically styled Triad pen wasapparently the only model produced by the Triad Manufacturing Company, inPawtucket, Rhode Island, with production starting in the late 1920s andconcluding in 1931. The shape of the pen was indeed remarkable;because theentire length of the pen was triangular, the cap could only be removed by turninga part of the cap screw and pulling it straight off the pen. Attempts to unscrewthe cap in the normal manner would usually break the pen, a circumstance which aggravatesthe scarcity of Triads today. TRIAD 造型独特的三重奏笔显然是在罗得岛州Pawtucket三重奏制造公司生产的最著名种号,其生产始于1920年代后期并于1931年结束。这支笔的形状确实很引人注目,因为笔杆是三面体的,所以只有转动带帽螺钉并将其直接从笔上拔下,才能取下笔帽。试图以正常方式拧下笔帽通常会弄断笔杆,这种情况加剧了当今三重奏的稀有度